Collegiate Gothic is an architectural style subgenre of Gothic Revival architecture, popular in the 19th and 20th centuries for school structures on campuses in both the United States and Canada.
History
19th century
The beginnings of Collegiate Gothic architecture in North America date back to 1829 when "Old Kenyon" was completed on the campus of Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio. This was followed by "Old Main", erected in 1857 on the campus of Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois.
Later, in 1878, Seabury and Jarvis Halls were completed on the campus of Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut. Together with Northam Towers there, these buildings make up what is known as the "Long Walk". Built to plans drawn up by William Burges, these buildings remain among the best examples of Collegiate Gothic architecture in the United States.
In 1894 Cope and Stewardson completed Pembroke Hall on the campus of Bryn Mawr College. At Bryn Mawr, Cope and Stewardson combined the original Gothic architecture of Oxford and Cambridge Universities with the American Early Gothic Revival style and the local New England landscape, to establish the Collegiate Gothic style. Commissions shortly followed for buildings on the campuses of the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Washington University in St. Louis, marking the nascent beginnings of a movement that transformed many college campuses across the country.
20th century
The Collegiate Gothic movement gained further momentum when Charles Donagh Maginnis designed Gasson Hall at Boston College in 1908. Publication of its design in 1909, and praise from influential American architect Ralph Adams Cram, helped establish Collegiate Gothic as the prevailing architectural style on American university campuses for decades. Maginnis & Walsh went on to design buildings at some twenty-five other campuses, including the main buildings at Emmanuel College (Massachusetts), and the law school at the University of Notre Dame.
Boston College's Gasson Hall is credited for establishing the typology of dominant Gothic towers in subsequent campus designs, including those at Princeton (Cleveland Tower, 1913â€"1917), Yale (Harkness Tower, 1917â€"1921), and Duke (Chapel Tower, 1930â€"1935).
Architect James Gamble Rogers' extensive work at Yale University, beginning in 1917, may be the prototypical example of the genre. His designs lent an air of instant heritage and gravitas to the campus. Rogers was criticized by other prominent American Gothic Revival architects, namely Cram, for his use of steel frames underneath stone cladding, and tricks such as splashing acid on stone walls to simulate age. Rogers was also criticized by the growing Modernist movement of the time. The 1927 Sterling Memorial Library came under especially vocal attack from Yale students for its historicist spirit and its lavish use of ornament.
Charles Klauder's steel-frame, limestone-clad, 42-story skyscraper, the Cathedral of Learning, serves as the centerpiece of the University of Pittsburgh's campus. The world's second tallest university building and second tallest gothic-styled building, it has been described as the literal culmination of late gothic revival architecture. Constructed between 1926 to 1937, the building also contains a half-acre gothic hall whose mass is supported only by its 52-foot (16 m) tall arches. The Cathedral of Learning is accompanied by other gothic structures by Klauder, including the university's Stephen Foster Memorial and the French gothic revival Heinz Memorial Chapel.
Other notable examples of Collegiate Gothic include the extensive and consistent collection of designs at the University of Chicago.
The style was also frequently used to design high schools and even elementary school buildings.
A rare case of gothic revival in continental Europe is the Paulinerkirche, Leipzig at Leipzig University (Germany). It resembles the university's old medieval university church which was destroyed in the 1960s. It differs from usual revival achitecture as it commemorates a historical building (built in 1231) and gives a modern interpretation of both, its old shape and its original function as a spiritual center of the university.
Architects of the Collegiate Gothic style
- Julian Abele
- Cope & Stewardson
- Ralph Adams Cram
- William Augustus Edwards
- Philip H. Frohman
- Guilbert and Betelle
- Charles Klauder
- Pond and Pond
- James Gamble Rogers
- Snowden Ashford
- Horace Trumbauer
- David Webster
- York and Sawyer
Examples
- Altgeld's castles â€" a set of buildings within five Illinois universities (1896â€"1899)
- Boston College â€" specifically Gasson Hall, Devlin Hall, St. Mary's Hall, and Bapst/Burns Library
- Bryn Athyn Cathedral of Bryn Athyn College
- Bryn Mawr College â€" Pembroke Hall (1894)
- Carleton College
- Central Commerce Collegiate, Toronto
- Central Technical School, Toronto
- City College of New York
- The College of Woosterâ€"Kauke Hall
- Columbia University: Teachers College
- Cornell University
- Danforth Collegiate and Technical Institute, Toronto 1922-1923
- Duke University â€" Duke Chapel (1930), and West Campus, arch. Julian Abele.
- Eastern Commerce Collegiate Institute, Toronto, Canada 1925
- Eastern Senior High School (1923), Washington, D.C.
- Emma Willard School
- Florida A&M University
- Florida State University
- Fordham University, Rose Hill Campus
- Fordson High School, Dearborn, Michigan
- Grinnell College
- Indiana University-Bloomington
- Isaac E. Young Middle School, New Rochelle, New York
- John Carroll University
- John Marshall High School, Los Angeles, California
- Kenyon College
- Knox College â€" Old Main (1857)
- Lehigh University
- Loyola University Maryland
- Loyola University New Orleans â€" Marquette Hall (1910)
- The Mary Louis Academy, Jamaica Estates, New York (1937)
- McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michigan State University
- Milliken Public School, Markham 1929 - facade only
- New Jersey Institute of Technology â€" Central King Building, the old Central High School of Newark (1911)
- North Toronto Collegiate Institute 1912 - demolished
- Northwestern University
- Northwest Missouri State University â€" Administration Building
- Oglethorpe University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Parkdale Collegiate Institute, Toronto 1929
- Paulinerkirche, Leipzig at Leipzig University (Germany) - resembling the shape of the university's medieval university church
- Princeton University â€" Blair Hall (1896)
- Reed College, Oregon
- Rhodes College, Memphis, Tennessee
- R. H. King Academy, Toronto 1922 (destroyed in fire and only arch from girls' entrance from original building remains)
- Purdue University
- Sewaneeâ€"The University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee
- Trinity College, Connecticut
- United States Military Academy, West Point, New York
- University of Arkansas
- University of Chicago
- University of Denver
- University of Florida
- University of Idaho
- University of Iowa
- University of Michigan â€" U of M Law School (1924)
- University of Notre Dame
- University of Oklahoma
- University of Pennsylvania â€" Quadrangle Dormitories (1895)
- University of Pittsburgh (Cathedral of Learning, Heinz Chapel, Stephen Foster Memorial, Clapp Hall)
- University of Richmond, Virginia
- University of Saskatchewan, Canada
- University of Southern California â€" Wallis Annenberg Hall
- University of St. Thomas, Minnesota
- University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
- University of Toledo â€" University Hall and Memorial Field House, Ohio
- University of Toronto â€" St. George campus, Canada
- University of Washington in Seattle â€" Suzzallo Library (1926)
- Washington University in St. Louis â€" Brookings Hall (1900), and the Danforth Campus
- The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- West Chester University
- Western Technical-Commercial School, Toronto 1927
- Yale University â€" Sterling Memorial Library, Harkness Tower, and the Memorial Quadrangle; arch. James Gamble Rogers.
- York Memorial Collegiate Institute, Toronto 1929
See also
- Gothic architecture
- Gothic Revival architecture
- Carpenter Gothic
- Hokie Stone â€" exclusive to Virginia Tech's Collegiate Gothic (and other styles) building façades.
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